Africa 101 last tribes skrev:The San peoples, also known as the Bushmen are members of various Khoe, Tuu, or Kx'a-speaking indigenous hunter-gatherer groups that are the first nations of Southern Africa, and whose territories Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho and South Africa. In 2017, Botswana was home to approximately 63,500 San people, which is roughly 2.8% of the country's population, making it the country with the highest population of San people.

The 'Bushmen' are the oldest inhabitants of southern Africa, where they have lived for at least 20,000 years. Their home is in the vast expanse of the Kalahari desert. The Bushmen are the remnants of Africa's oldest cultural group, genetically the closest surviving people to the original Homo sapiens “core” from which the Negroid people of Africa emerged. Bushmen are small in stature generally with light yellowish skin, which wrinkles very early in life.

Khoisanspråken har historiskt talats av khoisanfolk (khoikhoi och san).
---
I stället för att se gruppen som en genetisk enhet kan man betrakta begreppet khoisanspråk som ett samlingsnamn för de språk som innehåller klickljud och som inte tillhör någon av de andra språkfamiljerna i Afrika.

They are a loosely knit family culture where decisions are made by universal discussion and agreement by consensus. An individual's opinion is naturally weighted according to their level of skill and experience in the particular field of discussion.

The roles of men & women were very distinct and rarely overlapped, which is a characteristic almost universal amongst hunter/gatherers the world over. It based on survival needs encouraging the most efficient utilisation of available skills and resources. Despite what is often perceived as a very sexist society, the importance of women is very high within the group and their opinions often take precedence, particularly where food is concerned.

Traditionally, bushman women spent 3-4 days a week gathering veldkost (wild plants), often going out in groups to search for edible or medicinal plants. Furthermore, before the advent of trade with Bantu or white settlers, all tools, construction material, weapons or clothes were made of plants or animal products.

About 400-500 local plants and their uses were known to bushmen, along with the places where they grew – not only providing a balanced nutrition, but also moisture from roots even in time of drought. Plants were used in ways similar to western phytomedicine to treat wounds and heal illnesses; other plants where rather part of healing ceremonies in which a healer would burn plants to make rain, trance to heal an ailment, or perform a charm to bring fertility. The range of ailments treated included wounds including snake bites, colds, stomach ache, tooth ache or headache, or diarrhea but also infections like malaria, tuberculosis, or syphilis. One bushman plant, Hoodia gordonii, even made the worldwide news since it was patented by a pharma company as a diet support due to its traditional bushman usage to suppress appetite and hunger – a law case against “bio piracy” ensued, with the parties settling to royalties being paid to bushmen organisations.

50% of children die before the age of 15; 20% die within their first year (mostly of gastrointestinal infections). Average life expectancy is about 45-50 years; respiratory infections and malaria are the major reasons for death in adults. Only 10% become older than 60 years.

antonius skrev:roligt att du upptäckt sanfolket, jag har skrivit om dem många gånger här, de har levt likadant i över 60 000 år, enda anledningen att de fått vara ifred, är att de bor i en öken där det inte finns några naturtillgångar, och det bara är dom som klarar att leva där, de har dessutom den äldsta gen-banken av alla människor, så de är vårat ursprung, fast faktaresistenta brukar påstå annat

slackern skrev:Jo jag har sett att du har skrivit om dom en hel del här på forumet och att du verkar ha läst böcker om dom.

Alien skrev:Men med ursprungsfolk brukar det ofta gå illa. Deras land tas över av en tekniskt mer utvecklad kultur. Så blir de förtryckta och marginaliserade. Lever fattiga, förtrycka och missbrukande. De har varken kvar sin egen kultur el har inkluderats i majoritetskulturen.

After the birth a Bushman child will receive much love and attention from his parents and other adults and even older children. Their love of children, both their own and that of other people, is one of the most noticeable things about the Bushman.

If a child is born under very severe drought conditions, when the fertility of the Bushman women are in any case low, perhaps to precvent such an occurrence. The mother will quietly relieve the just born baby of severe and certain future suffering by ending its life.

Spoiler: visa

This is most likely to happen in lean years, if she is still suckling another child and will obviously not be able to feed both of the children. This is accepted behaviour, and born out of necessity and not malice or any other consideration. It stems from the simple realiy of live in a harsh climate, and the realisation that the life of the child that a lot has already been invested in, and that might be put at risk by tender feelings for a new-born that are in any case likely to die soon, are not likely to have a good outcome.

antonius skrev:roligt att du upptäckt sanfolket, jag har skrivit om dem många gånger här, de har levt likadant i över 60 000 år, enda anledningen att de fått vara ifred, är att de bor i en öken där det inte finns några naturtillgångar, och det bara är dom som klarar att leva där, de har dessutom den äldsta gen-banken av alla människor, så de är vårat ursprung, fast faktaresistenta brukar påstå annat

antonius skrev:

slackern skrev:Jo jag har sett att du har skrivit om dom en hel del här på forumet och att du verkar ha läst böcker om dom.

Ja jag har läst Lasse Bergs böcker och det är egentligen inte han som skrivit allt, utan han har sammanställt det antropologer har forskat kring San-folket, han är ju egentligen journalist med specialitet kring antropologi, och han är intressant att läsa, men jag rekommenderar inte talböckerna för han har en hemsk mässande röst, läs böckerna istället

From that time they faced discrimination, eviction from their ancestral lands, murder and oppression amounting to a massive though unspoken genocide, which reduced them in numbers from several million to 100,000. Today, although all suffer from a perception that their lifestyle is 'primitive' and that they need to be made to live like the majority cattle-herding tribes, specific problems vary according to where they live. In South Africa, for example, the !Khomani now have most of their land rights recognised, but many other Bushman tribes have no land rights at all.
---
A fairly large community of bushmen, the Ju/'hoansi, today live on both sides of the border between Namibia and Botswana, named Bushmanland. This group has been studied, filmed and assisted by Western scholars since 1951. The academic studies continue to this day and they are under the general guidance of the "Ju/wa Bushman Development Foundation" which is essentially a group of concerned individuals and academia. In 1991, with the formation of the "Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative" and with representation and guidance from the "Ju/wa Bushman Development Foundation", they managed to secure land rights within Bushmanland.

They are still permitted to hunt within the boundaries, despite being a game conservation area, as long as they use traditional methods. It means no firearms, dogs, vehicles or horses, rules that are occasionally broken and usually results in a prison term for the offenders.

In three big clearances, in 1997, 2002 and 2005, virtually all the Bushmen were forced out. Their homes were dismantled, their school and health post were closed, their water supply was destroyed and the people were threatened and trucked away.

Almost all were forced out by these tactics, but a large number have since returned, with many more desperate to do so. They now live in resettlement camps outside the reserve. Rarely able to hunt, and arrested and beaten when they do, they are dependent on government handouts. They are now gripped by alcoholism, boredom, depression, and illnesses such as TB and HIV/AIDS.

Although the Bushmen won the right in court to go back to their lands in 2006, the government has done everything it can to make their return impossible. Since then the government has arrested more than 50 Bushmen for hunting to feed their families, and banned the Bushmen from using their water borehole.

Spoiler: visa

There were still some benefits for the Bushmen as game was still fairly abundant, while getting the spin-off benefits of some milk, some money and even the occasional cow that died naturally.

All this changed significantly, courtesy of the European Common Market, who in their wisdom offered a very high price for Botswana's beef as long as they instituted major disease control measures to eliminate foot & mouth, anthrax and a few other endemic ailments. This resulted in an extensive game control fencing operation to separate the cattle from the “disease ridden wildlife”. Unfenced ranges with moderate levels of wildlife became fenced in lands with a catastrophic drop in game numbers due to a cut of the herds’ migration routes to cope with drought. The Common Market (later the European Economic Community) were happy and paid the massively inflated prices, while subsistence game hunting became meaningless.

The cattle monoculture further destroyed the bushmen’s plant resources, severely impacting their traditional hunter and gatherer lifestyle.

A group of bushmen still partially adhering to their traditional life and family structure, under their leader Dawid Kruiper were finally successful in 1999 when 40 000 hectares of land next to the Kgalagadi Park was purchased by the government from local farmers and given back to the Khomani community. In 2001 it was agreed that an additional 25 000 hectares of the Kalahari Gemsbok park was to be returned to them for managed utilisation but not for residence. Tension between the traditional and westernised bushmen led to various power struggles, but some of the bushmen continue to occasionally hunt and gather. Furthermore, the community-owned !Xaus luxury lodge recently opened in the Southwestern-most part of Kgalagadi Park.

slackern skrev:

antonius skrev:

slackern skrev:Jo jag har sett att du har skrivit om dom en hel del här på forumet och att du verkar ha läst böcker om dom.

Ja jag har läst Lasse Bergs böcker och det är egentligen inte han som skrivit allt, utan han har sammanställt det antropologer har forskat kring San-folket, han är ju egentligen journalist med specialitet kring antropologi, och han är intressant att läsa, men jag rekommenderar inte talböckerna för han har en hemsk mässande röst, läs böckerna istället

Jo jag har märkt att du verkar brinna för det intresset och är insatt i ämnet.

Huggorm skrev:Välkänt folkslag för alla som såg "Gudarna måste vara tokiga"-filmerna på 80-talet

Huggorm skrev:Välkänt folkslag för alla som såg "Gudarna måste vara tokiga"-filmerna på 80-talet